Revista de la Sociedad Española de Cirugía de Obesidad y Metabólica y de la Sociedad Española para el Estudio de la Obesidad
"Bariátrica & Metabólica Ibero-Americana"
Español Inglés

Factores epigenéticos promotores de la obesidad en Latinoamérica

Artículos de Revisión

Juan José Medina Jasso, Jésus Pilo, Teresa Dawid de Vera, Alejandro Rego, Hatim Boughanem, Manuel Macias-Gonzalez, Libia Alejandra Garcìa Flores

Organismos colaboradores:
1.Clínica de Obesidad y Trastornos Metabólicos, Departamento de Endocrinología, Doctor Hospital AUNA; Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. 2. Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España. Instituto de Investigación de Biomedicina en Málaga (IBIMA)-Bionand Plataforma, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España. 3.Universidad de Málaga (UMA). Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular 4. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica en Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, España 5. CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España. 6. Unidad de Lípidos y Ateroesclerosis, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España.

DOI: 10.53435/funj.00989

Resumen:
El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue identificar y analizar los principales mecanismos epigenéticos vinculados al aumento de la obesidad en Latinoamérica, en el contexto de su transición nutricional y sociocultural. Se revisaron estudios sobre cómo factores ambientales —como la nutrición materna deficiente, el estrés psicosocial y los entornos obesogénicos— durante etapas críticas del desarrollo prenatal y postnatal pueden inducir modificaciones epigenéticas persistentes. Los resultados destacan la implicación de mecanismos como la metilación del ADN, las modificaciones de histonas y la remodelación de la cromatina en la regulación génica asociada con obesidad, síndrome metabólico, diabetes tipo 2 y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Estos procesos permiten entender la variabilidad fenotípica entre individuos con genomas similares expuestos a ambientes distintos. En Latinoamérica, se observa un desajuste entre una programación fetal adaptada a la escasez y un entorno actual caracterizado por sobrealimentación, desigualdad y estrés metabólico, lo que podría favorecer la aparición precoz de enfermedades cardiometabólicas. Se concluye que incorporar el enfoque epigenético en políticas públicas es clave para prevenir estas enfermedades. Se recomienda promover programas de nutrición materna, reducir desigualdades sociales y fomentar entornos saludables adaptados a las realidades específicas de la región.

Palabras Clave:
obesidad, epigenética, nutrición, desarrollo prenatal, Latinoamérica

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